A flat, color-blocked readout of the NAD+ literature — what the precursor trials actually measured, where oral NAD+ stops being absorbed, and why most products on the label are NMN or NR rather than NAD+ itself.
NAD Medicinal

SECTION 07 / SOURCES

The NAD+ studies and reviews cited here

Every quantitative claim in this digest maps to a numbered source below, with DOI and PubMed identifiers.

Back to the researchSee the clinical trials

How to read this list

These study references carry the bracketed number used inline across the digest, the full citation, and a DOI or PubMed link where available. The list spans the foundational NAD+ mechanism reviews, the randomized human trials of the NMN and NR precursors, and the recent (2024-2026) infusion, ageing, and rare-disease studies. Where a claim in the text reports a number — a dose, a percentage, a duration, an infusion time — it is tied to one of these sources.

  1. Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. ↗
  2. Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, et al. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. ↗
  3. Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45(1):29-43. ↗
  4. Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9:9772. ↗
  5. Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119-141. ↗
  6. Cameron AM, Castoldi A, Sanin DE, et al. Inflammatory macrophage dependence on NAD(+) salvage is a consequence of reactive oxygen species-mediated DNA damage. Nat Immunol. 2019;20(4):420-432. ↗
  7. Fouquerel E, Sobol RW. ARTD1 (PARP1) activation and NAD(+) in DNA repair and cell death. DNA Repair (Amst). 2014;23:27-32. ↗
  8. Herrmann GK, Russell WK, Garg NJ, Yin YW. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 regulates mitochondrial DNA repair in an NAD-dependent manner. J Biol Chem. 2021;296:100309. ↗
  9. Navarro MN, Gómez de Las Heras MM, Mittelbrunn M. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism in the immune response, autoimmunity and inflammageing. Br J Pharmacol. 2022;179(9):1839-1856. ↗
  10. Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, et al. NAD(+) precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025. ↗
  11. Bohr VA. Promising Results With NAD Supplementation in Rare Diseases With Premature Aging and DNA Damage. Aging Cell. 2026. ↗
  12. Reyna K, et al. Intravenous infusion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) versus nicotinamide riboside (NR): a retrospective tolerability pilot study in a real-world setting. Front Aging. 2026. ↗
  13. Christen S, et al. The differential impact of three different NAD(+) boosters on circulatory NAD and microbial metabolism in humans. Nat Metab. 2026. ↗
  14. Chini CCS, et al. NAD metabolism: Role in senescence regulation and aging. Aging Cell. 2024;23(1):e13920. ↗
  15. Wen J, et al. Improved Physical Performance Parameters in Patients Taking Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN): A Systematic Review of Randomized Control Trials. Cureus. 2024;16(8):e65961. ↗