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NAD Medicinal

A flat, color-blocked readout of the NAD+ literature — what the precursor trials actually measured, where oral NAD+ stops being absorbed, and why most products on the label are NMN or NR rather than NAD+ itself.

SECTION 07 / STUDIES USED HERE

Where can you read each NAD+ study?

A number beside a finding leads to the full paper here.

Return to the resultsSee the human studies

How can you check a numbered finding?

Researchers put their methods and findings in papers. This study list gives each paper a number. You’ll see the same number beside a finding. Follow it here when you want to read more.

The list includes human studies of NMN and NR. It also holds cell work, mouse work, and IV reports from 2024-2026. The papers give the doses, time spans, blood changes, and drip times. You can judge a claim by reading the study behind it.

  1. Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. ↗
  2. Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, et al. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. ↗
  3. Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45(1):29-43. ↗
  4. Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9:9772. ↗
  5. Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119-141. ↗
  6. Cameron AM, Castoldi A, Sanin DE, et al. Inflammatory macrophage dependence on NAD(+) salvage is a consequence of reactive oxygen species-mediated DNA damage. Nat Immunol. 2019;20(4):420-432. ↗
  7. Fouquerel E, Sobol RW. ARTD1 (PARP1) activation and NAD(+) in DNA repair and cell death. DNA Repair (Amst). 2014;23:27-32. ↗
  8. Herrmann GK, Russell WK, Garg NJ, Yin YW. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 regulates mitochondrial DNA repair in an NAD-dependent manner. J Biol Chem. 2021;296:100309. ↗
  9. Navarro MN, Gómez de Las Heras MM, Mittelbrunn M. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism in the immune response, autoimmunity and inflammageing. Br J Pharmacol. 2022;179(9):1839-1856. ↗
  10. Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, et al. NAD(+) precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025. ↗
  11. Bohr VA. Promising Results With NAD Supplementation in Rare Diseases With Premature Aging and DNA Damage. Aging Cell. 2026. ↗
  12. Reyna K, et al. Intravenous infusion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) versus nicotinamide riboside (NR): a retrospective tolerability pilot study in a real-world setting. Front Aging. 2026. ↗
  13. Christen S, et al. The differential impact of three different NAD(+) boosters on circulatory NAD and microbial metabolism in humans. Nat Metab. 2026. ↗
  14. Chini CCS, et al. NAD metabolism: Role in senescence regulation and aging. Aging Cell. 2024;23(1):e13920. ↗
  15. Wen J, et al. Improved Physical Performance Parameters in Patients Taking Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN): A Systematic Review of Randomized Control Trials. Cureus. 2024;16(8):e65961. ↗