# NAD+ References: The Cited Studies and Reviews

> NAD+ references: the full citation list behind this digest — the NMN and NR human trials, the mechanism reviews, and the recent infusion and ageing studies, with DOIs and PubMed links.

Every quantitative claim in this digest maps to a numbered source below, with DOI and PubMed identifiers.

## How to read this list

These [study references](/references) carry the bracketed number used inline across the digest, the full citation, and a DOI or PubMed link where available. The list spans the foundational NAD+ mechanism reviews, the randomized human trials of the NMN and NR precursors, and the recent (2024-2026) infusion, ageing, and rare-disease studies. Where a claim in the text reports a number — a dose, a percentage, a duration, an infusion time — it is tied to one of these sources.

## References

[1] Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888596/
[2] Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, et al. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27304511/
[3] Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45(1):29-43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482258/
[4] Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9:9772. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31278280/
[5] Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119-141. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33353981/
[6] Cameron AM, Castoldi A, Sanin DE, et al. Inflammatory macrophage dependence on NAD(+) salvage is a consequence of reactive oxygen species-mediated DNA damage. Nat Immunol. 2019;20(4):420-432. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30858618/
[7] Fouquerel E, Sobol RW. ARTD1 (PARP1) activation and NAD(+) in DNA repair and cell death. DNA Repair (Amst). 2014;23:27-32. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25283336/
[8] Herrmann GK, Russell WK, Garg NJ, Yin YW. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 regulates mitochondrial DNA repair in an NAD-dependent manner. J Biol Chem. 2021;296:100309. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33482196/
[9] Navarro MN, Gómez de Las Heras MM, Mittelbrunn M. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism in the immune response, autoimmunity and inflammageing. Br J Pharmacol. 2022;179(9):1839-1856. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33817782/
[10] Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, et al. NAD(+) precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41083806/
[11] Bohr VA. Promising Results With NAD Supplementation in Rare Diseases With Premature Aging and DNA Damage. Aging Cell. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41436848/
[12] Reyna K, et al. Intravenous infusion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) versus nicotinamide riboside (NR): a retrospective tolerability pilot study in a real-world setting. Front Aging. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41704678/
[13] Christen S, et al. The differential impact of three different NAD(+) boosters on circulatory NAD and microbial metabolism in humans. Nat Metab. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41540253/
[14] Chini CCS, et al. NAD metabolism: Role in senescence regulation and aging. Aging Cell. 2024;23(1):e13920. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37424179/
[15] Wen J, et al. Improved Physical Performance Parameters in Patients Taking Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN): A Systematic Review of Randomized Control Trials. Cureus. 2024;16(8):e65961. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39221308/

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A flat, color-blocked index of the NAD+ literature — the coenzyme set apart from the precursors NMN and NR that rebuild it, what the trials measured stamped to each study and what they did not left in plain view; no clinic behind the index and nothing here infused, dispensed, or sold.